Role of Healthy Human Gut Microbiota in the Emergence and Dissemination of Extended-Spectrum β-lactamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae and Genes Associated with β-lactam Resistance in Community Settings in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
Ouattara Mohamed Baguy *
Department of Bacteriology-Virology, National Reference Center for Antibiotics, Pasteur Institute of Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire and GER-BMR : Groupe d’Etude et de Recherche sur les Bactéries Multi-Resistantes , Côte d'Ivoire.
Affou Séraphin Wognin
Département de Biochimie-Microbiologie, Université Peleforo Gon Coulibaly, B.P. 1328 Korhogo, Côte d’Ivoire and Département de Microbiologie, d’Ecotoxicologie et de Radioécologie, Centre Ivoirien Anti-Pollution (CIAPOL), 04 BPV 541 Abidjan 04, Côte d’Ivoire.
Toty Abalé Anatole
Department of Bacteriology-Virology, National Reference Center for Antibiotics, Pasteur Institute of Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire and GER-BMR : Groupe d’Etude et de Recherche sur les Bactéries Multi-Resistantes , Côte d'Ivoire.
Gbonon M’bengue Valérie Carole
Department of Bacteriology-Virology, National Reference Center for Antibiotics, Pasteur Institute of Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire and GER-BMR : Groupe d’Etude et de Recherche sur les Bactéries Multi-Resistantes , Côte d'Ivoire.
Kouassi Koffi Gédeon
Department of Bacteriology-Virology, National Reference Center for Antibiotics, Pasteur Institute of Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire and GER-BMR : Groupe d’Etude et de Recherche sur les Bactéries Multi-Resistantes , Côte d'Ivoire.
Guedé Kipré Bertin
Department of Bacteriology-Virology, National Reference Center for Antibiotics, Pasteur Institute of Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire and GER-BMR : Groupe d’Etude et de Recherche sur les Bactéries Multi-Resistantes , Côte d'Ivoire.
Tiekoura Konan Bertin
Department of Bacteriology-Virology, National Reference Center for Antibiotics, Pasteur Institute of Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire and GER-BMR : Groupe d’Etude et de Recherche sur les Bactéries Multi-Resistantes , Côte d'Ivoire.
Konan Kouadio Fernique
Department of Bacteriology-Virology, National Reference Center for Antibiotics, Pasteur Institute of Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire and GER-BMR : Groupe d’Etude et de Recherche sur les Bactéries Multi-Resistantes , Côte d'Ivoire.
Kouadio Kouamé Innocent
Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Food Science and Technology, Nangui Abrogoua University, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.
Dissinviel Stéphane Kpoda
Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Epidemiology and Monitoring of Foodborne Bacteria and Viruses, Ouaga I Professor Joseph KI-ZERBO University, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
Abraham Ayayi
Department of Microbiology, University of Lagos, Nigeria.
Konate Ali
Laboratory of Applied and Nutritional Sciences, Ouaga I Professor Joseph KI-ZERBO University, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
Guessennd Nathalie Kouadio
Department of Bacteriology-Virology, National Reference Center for Antibiotics, Pasteur Institute of Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire and GER-BMR : Groupe d’Etude et de Recherche sur les Bactéries Multi-Resistantes , Côte d'Ivoire and Laboratory of Bacteriology-Virology, Department of Medical Sciences, Félix Houphouet - Boigny University, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.
Kamenan Alphonse
Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Food Science and Technology, Nangui Abrogoua University, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.
Dosso Mireille
Department of Bacteriology-Virology, National Reference Center for Antibiotics, Pasteur Institute of Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire and GER-BMR : Groupe d’Etude et de Recherche sur les Bactéries Multi-Resistantes , Côte d'Ivoire.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Overuse of β-lactam antibiotics in communities in developing countries has transformed healthy human intestinal flora into a reservoir of antibiotic-resistant organisms. The prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae in community settings remains undetermined. In order to obtain data on ESBL enterobacteria, 265 stool samples were collected from August 2019 to February 2020 from individuals residing in the urban districts of Abidjan and attending medical consultations at the Institut Pasteur de Côte d'Ivoire. Isolates belonging to family Enterobacteriaceae were isolated on MacConkey and identified using the API 20E galerie and antibiotic susceptibility was determined using Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute disc diffusion method. Detection of extended spectrum β-lactamases (TEM, SHV, GES, PER, VEB, CTXM 1, CTXM 2, CTXM 8 and CTXM 9) was done by simplex and multiplex PCR. The human stools strains consisted of 513 species of Enterobacteria multidrug resistants. Among the 513 strains, 75 (14.6%) of the enterobacterial strains produced ESBLs, while 438 (85.4%) produced high-level cephalosporinases. Enterobacteria producing extended-spectrum β-lactamase we dominated by the species Escherichia coli (46.7%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (17.3%), Enterobacter cloacae (13.3%), Enterobacter aerogenes (6.7%), Proteus mirabilis (6.7%), Klebsiella oxytoca (4%), Proteus vulgaris (2.7%), Citrobacter koseri (1.3%), and Citrobacter freundii (1.3%). Strains were resistant (100%) to antibiotics from beta-lactam family (penicillin with inhibitor, monobactam, cephalosporin) but low level resistant (1,3%) was observed to carbapenem (imipénème, méropénème, Ertapenem). The rate of resistance to quinolones and aminoglycosides were respectively between 22.9% - 43.3% and 7.9-35.1%. The resistance genes TEM, SHV, CTXM 1, CTXM 2, CTXM 8 and CTXM 9 were detected. No GES and PER genes were not detected. The high fecal carriage rate of ESBL-PE associated with genes in community settings of Ivory Coast highlights the risk for transmission and dissemination because healthy people are potential patients on borrowed time.
Keywords: Enterobacteriaceae ESBL, genes, fecal carriage, ivory coast