Nutritional, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of Citrus Peels: A Sustainable Valorization Approach
Sudeshna Sengupta
Department of Biotechnology, Techno India University, EM-4, Sector-V, Salt Lake, Kolkata, West Bengal-700091, India.
Rojina Khatun
Department of Biotechnology, Techno India University, EM-4, Sector-V, Salt Lake, Kolkata, West Bengal-700091, India.
Aanchal Kumari
Department of Biotechnology, Techno India University, EM-4, Sector-V, Salt Lake, Kolkata, West Bengal-700091, India.
Roshlina Rai
Department of Biotechnology, Techno India University, EM-4, Sector-V, Salt Lake, Kolkata, West Bengal-700091, India.
Subarna Dutta
Department of Biotechnology, Techno India University, EM-4, Sector-V, Salt Lake, Kolkata, West Bengal-700091, India.
Torsha Mondal
Department of Biotechnology, Techno India University, EM-4, Sector-V, Salt Lake, Kolkata, West Bengal-700091, India.
Banani Chattaraj
Department of Biotechnology, Techno India University, EM-4, Sector-V, Salt Lake, Kolkata, West Bengal-700091, India.
Malavika Bhattacharya *
Department of Biotechnology, Techno India University, EM-4, Sector-V, Salt Lake, Kolkata, West Bengal-700091, India.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Background: Citrus peels are often discarded as waste despite being rich in bioactive compounds with potential health benefits. Traditional extraction methods for these compounds are not always sustainable and can lead to environmental harm. Using a sustainable vaporization approach, the bioactive compounds in citrus peels can be efficiently extracted and retained for various applications. Valorization strategies have been used for various waste streams, including agro-industrial by-products and olive mill wastewater.
Aims: Using a sustainable vaporization method, this study seeks to examine the antibacterial, antioxidant, and nutritional qualities of citrus peels.
Methods: waste valorization remains a promising approach for sustainable waste management and resource recovery. Quantitative studies and antimicrobial activities were carried out using peels of C. aurantifolia (Key Lime), C. maxima (Pomelo), C. sinensis (orange), Citrus limetta (Sweet Lemon), and C. reticulata. Citrus aurantiifolia is believed to be a hybrid of Citrus medica, Citrus grandis, and a Micro-citrus species, with significant antibacterial activity.
Result: Citrus limetta Mosambi is gaining popularity due to its delicious taste and high vitamin-C content. Citrus sinensis is a small, spherical fruit rich in vitamin C and vitamin A. Pummelo, or Citrus maxima, is known for its large, sweet fruits with abortifacient and menstrual stimulant properties. Peels of C. maxima exhibit the highest amount of antioxidant activity equivalent to ascorbic acid and display significant antimicrobial activity against Klebsiella species. Citrus reticulata, found mainly in eastern India, has a maximum amount vitamin C among citrus species and exhibits high antimicrobial activity.
Keywords: Valorization, citrus fruits, vitamin-C, antibacterial, agro-industrial waste, nutraceutical