Antibiotic Resistance: An Environmentally Regulated Threaten Crisis
Anil Kumar Sahoo
School of Biological Sciences, AIPH University, Bhubaneswar-752101, Odisha, India.
Saijyoti Parija
School of Biological Sciences, AIPH University, Bhubaneswar-752101, Odisha, India.
Sonali Satapathy
Microbiology Research Laboratory, Post Graduate Department of Botany, Utkal University, Vani Vihar, Bhubaneswar-751004, Odisha, India.
Rout George Kerry
Centre for Biotechnology Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Kalinga Nagar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751003, India.
Pradipta Ranjan Rauta
School of Biological Sciences, AIPH University, Bhubaneswar-752101, Odisha, India.
Jyoti Ranjan Rout
*
School of Biological Sciences, AIPH University, Bhubaneswar-752101, Odisha, India.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance globally creating a serious health crisis which threatens today’s living world. Recent research updates indicate that specific environmental factors are the key regulatory components for the spreading of clinically relevant or non-relevant resistant microorganisms. Additionally, the resistant bacteria are vigorously transmitted with respect to environmental factors posing a serious threat to the clinical healthcare system. Further, factors like sanitation and hygiene, drinking and surface water, food products, hospital and pharmaceutical waste, animal farming, domestic waste, heavy metals, and mobile population promote antibiotic resistance in pathogenic microbes. In the current review, an attempt is made to explore the knowledge of various possible mechanisms of antibiotic resistant strategies like dissemination of genetic elements, spontaneous transmission, horizontal gene transfer, genetic reactor, genetic elements, and overuse of antibiotics in association with environmental factors. The study also looked at related aspects of anthropogenic evolution and suggests that the crisis may be managed by the intervention of global regulatory bodies/ national/ state governments, which are also discussed here.
Keywords: Antibiotics, antibiotic resistance, environmental factors, health crisis, mechanism of resistance, public health