A Comprehensive Review on Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms Diversity and Multifunctionality in Global Food Systems for the Circular Bioeconomy
Mukesh Vishnoi *
Department of Agronomy, Dr. K N Modi University Newai Tonk, Rajasthan, 304021, India.
Aditya *
Department of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Kundli-131028 (An Institute of National Importance of India, NIFTEM-K), Sonipat, Haryana, India.
Velpula Leela Sindhu
Department of Plant Pathology, Dr. Y.S.R Horticultural University, Andhra Pradesh, 534101, India.
H Pallavi
Government College Autonomous, Anantapuramu, 515001, India.
Ayesha Siddiqua
Department of Fruit Sciences, Sri Krishnadevaraya College of Horticultural Sciences, Anantapuramu, Andhra Pradesh, 515002, India.
Arshad Khayum
Department of Horticulture, UAS, GKVK, Bangalore -560065, India.
Neeshu Joshi
Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Nagaur, Agriculture University, Jodhpur, 341001, India.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Fungi contribute to one of the most diverse and ecologically important kingdom, yet their actual diversity and functional roles remain substantially under-documented. The current global scenario suggests that approximately 2.2–3.8 million fungal species may exist, while fewer than 10 percent have been formally described to date. Within this kingdom, macrofungi (mushrooms) constitute a conspicuous but taxonomically complex group that underpins forest productivity, nutrient cycling, plant health and multiple bioeconomy sectors. This review synthesises the current state of knowledge on fungal diversity, with particular emphasis on mushrooms and their ecological, evolutionary and functional significance. It covers taxonomy and systematics, ecological guilds (including saprotrophic, mycorrhizal and parasitic), biogeographic patterns and ecosystem functions. It also examines edible and medicinal mushroom resources, global and Indian production trends, supply chain issues, and emerging applications in bioremediation and the circular bioeconomy. The review also examines macrofungal diversity in India, particularly within the Western Ghats and Himalayan biodiversity hotspots, where many taxa remain poorly documented despite the accelerating rate of habitat change. Furthermore, the review concludes with key research gaps, methodological advances such as environmental DNA (eDNA) and high-throughput sequencing and priorities for conserving fungal habitats and underground mycorrhizal networks. This article highlights the pivotal role of mushrooms as integral components of global biodiversity, sustainable food systems and emerging climate resilience strategies.
Keywords: Fungal diversity, macro-fungi, edible and medicinal mushrooms, myco-remediation, future food, sustainability