New World Arenaviruses: Host Reservoirs, Viral Diversity and Pathogenic Mechanisms
DINIZ PEREIRA LEITE JÚNIOR
*
Secretaria de Estado de Saúde de Mato Grosso, Lab. Central de Saúde Pública do Estado de Mato Grosso (LACEN), Cuiabá, MT, Brazil and Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), Cuiabá, MT, Brazil.
VIVIANE KAROLINA VIVI OLIVEIRA
Instituto de Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso – UFMT/MT, Brazil.
JOÃO PEDRO CASTOLDO PASSOS
Faculdade de Medicina, Centro Universitário de Várzea Grande (UNIVAG), Várzea Grande, MT, Brazil.
SIRLEI FRANCK THIES
Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), Cuiabá, MT, Brazil and Secretaria de Estado de Saúde de Mato Grosso, Esc. Reg. de Saúde de Sinop, Sinop, MT, Brazil.
JAQUELINE APARECIDA MENEGATTI
Secretaria de Estado de Saúde de Mato Grosso, Lab. Central de Saúde Pública do Estado de Mato Grosso (LACEN), Cuiabá, MT, Brazil.
CRISTIANE COIMBRA DE PAULA
Faculdade de Medicina, Centro Universitário de Várzea Grande (UNIVAG), Várzea Grande, MT, Brazil and Laboratório Carlos Chagas Grupo Sabin, Cuiabá, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil.
MARGARETH LÉA DA SILVA MAIA
Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo – ICB/USP/SP, Brazil.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Introduction: Arenaviridae can cause diseases such as lymphocytic choriomeningitis, Lassa fever, Argentine hemorrhagic fever, Bolivian hemorrhagic fever, and Brazilian hemorrhagic fevers. Their main etiological agents are Sabiá virus, Flexal virus, Amapari virus, Juquitiba virus, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, Lassa virus, Junin virus, and Machupo virus.
Objective: Show the degree of infection of New World arenaviruses associated with rodents of the genera Calomys, Necomys, Neotoma, Oryzomys, and Sigmodon, subfamily Sigmodontinae and family Cricetidae, and Old World arenaviruses associated with rodents of the genera Mastomys and Praomys of the subfamily Murinae and family Muridae. The exception is the Tacaribe virus, which was isolated from bats of the genus Artibeus spp.
Methodology: Infected urine from various rodent species and person-to-person transmission are the modes of infection for this disease.
Results: Infections range from asymptomatic in all cases to fatal in some, or even febrile illness with systemic symptoms generally including headache, myalgia, weakness, sore throat, and gastrointestinal symptoms, as well as hemorrhage and late neurological disease. Differential immune responses, destruction of T cells from infected cells in the central nervous system, can be observed, creating disturbances in the hemostatic system and endothelium, resulting in bleeding and shock. Isolation of the virus from blood, cerebrospinal fluid, or tissues, with evaluation of IgG and IgM antibodies, are specific for virus recognition.
Conclusion: LCM occurs throughout the Americas, Europe, and Asia. All result from contact with infected rodent urine, usually through contamination of cuts and scratches on the skin.
Keywords: New World, arenavirus, hemorrhagic fevers, rodents, sources of infection